Synchrotrons and accumulators for high-intensity proton beams

During the past five decades, the development of accelerator science and technology sustained exponential growth in the energy and intensity of proton beams. Combined with an increasing repetition rate, the use of high-powered proton beams has extended from nuclear and high-energy physics to modern applications, including spallation-neutron production, kaon factories, nuclear transmutation, neutrino-factory drivers, and, in future, energy amplification and muon-collider drivers. This paper surveys the design and operational experience of existing and proposed proton facilities, summarizes physical and engineering issues limiting the efficiency of high-intensity synchrotrons and accumulators, reviews beam-dynamics topics pertaining to high-intensity performance, and discusses future applications and outlook.